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Yu Lin, Yu Lin Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Technology and Efficient Energy Saving, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Chemical Process Safety, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, China Yu Lin and Yuanzhuo Ji contributed equally to this work and should be considered co-first authors. Search for more papers by this author Yuanzhuo Ji Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Technology and Efficient Energy Saving, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Chemical Process Safety, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, China Yu Lin and Yuanzhuo Ji contributed equally to this work and should be considered co-first authors. Search for more papers by this author Yizhe Zhang Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Technology and Efficient Energy Saving, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Chemical Process Safety, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, China Search for more papers by this author Corresponding Author Hualiang An Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Technology and Efficient Energy Saving, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Chemical Process Safety, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, China Correspondence to: H An or Q Zhao, Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Technology and Efficient Energy Saving, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Chemical Process Safety, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China. E-mail: [emailprotected] (An); [emailprotected] (zhao) Search for more papers by this author Corresponding Author Qian Zhao Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Technology and Efficient Energy Saving, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Chemical Process Safety, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, China Correspondence to: H An or Q Zhao, Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Technology and Efficient Energy Saving, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Chemical Process Safety, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China. E-mail: [emailprotected] (An); [emailprotected] (zhao) Search for more papers by this author Xinqiang Zhao Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Technology and Efficient Energy Saving, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Chemical Process Safety, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, China Search for more papers by this author Yanji Wang Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Technology and Efficient Energy Saving, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Chemical Process Safety, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, China Search for more papers by this author
Yu Lin, Yu Lin Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Technology and Efficient Energy Saving, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Chemical Process Safety, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, China Yu Lin and Yuanzhuo Ji contributed equally to this work and should be considered co-first authors. Search for more papers by this author Yuanzhuo Ji Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Technology and Efficient Energy Saving, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Chemical Process Safety, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, China Yu Lin and Yuanzhuo Ji contributed equally to this work and should be considered co-first authors. Search for more papers by this author Yizhe Zhang Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Technology and Efficient Energy Saving, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Chemical Process Safety, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, China Search for more papers by this author Corresponding Author Hualiang An Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Technology and Efficient Energy Saving, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Chemical Process Safety, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, China Correspondence to: H An or Q Zhao, Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Technology and Efficient Energy Saving, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Chemical Process Safety, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China. E-mail: [emailprotected] (An); [emailprotected] (zhao) Search for more papers by this author Corresponding Author Qian Zhao Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Technology and Efficient Energy Saving, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Chemical Process Safety, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, China Correspondence to: H An or Q Zhao, Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Technology and Efficient Energy Saving, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Chemical Process Safety, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China. E-mail: [emailprotected] (An); [emailprotected] (zhao) Search for more papers by this author Xinqiang Zhao Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Technology and Efficient Energy Saving, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Chemical Process Safety, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, China Search for more papers by this author Yanji Wang Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Technology and Efficient Energy Saving, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Chemical Process Safety, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, China Search for more papers by this author
First published: 15 April 2025
Abstract
BACKGROUND
Maleic acid (MAc) is a high value-added oxygenic hydrocarbon derivative monomer. The synthesis of MAc from biomass-based furfural is a green process and has important academic research value. Herein, selective catalytic oxidation of renewable furfural to MAc was investigated.
RESULTS
The effect of using different heteropoly acids as catalyst and different organic acids/H2O as solvent was evaluated first, and the ‘phosphomolybdic acid + acetic acid/H2O’ composite system with good performance was screened out. Acetate anion acted as free radical acceptor in the reaction to stabilize furfural radical and inhibit the polymerization reaction. Under optimal reaction conditions, the conversion of furfural was 97.8%, and the MAc yield and selectivity were 58.3% and 59.6%, respectively. To further improve the selectivity of MAc, different kinds of Lewis acids were introduced to construct a Brønsted–Lewis dual-acid catalytic system. When Cu(OAc)2 was as Lewis acid, the MAc selectivity was significantly improved to 72.5% with a furfural conversion of 72.3%. The catalytic mechanism of Brønsted–Lewis dual-acid system was finally clarified.
CONCLUSION
In this complex system, the synergy of Cu and Mo is responsible for the outstanding catalytic efficiency, where the MoVI/MoV redox can be facilitated by the redox of CuII/CuI with the assistance of O2; acetate anion can interact with furfural radicals, thereby delaying the chain reaction of free radicals. This process makes the MAc generation reaction more dominant than the polymerization reaction, thus improving MAc selectivity. © 2025 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors declare no competing financial interest.
Open Research
The data are available from the corresponding authors on reasonable request.
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